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Issues Of Linearity

Lately i've been running more and more into those things: Issues of linearity. Like many things, this may be a matter of "definition". This article is atempting to illustrate the concept of (non-) linearity in general and, more importantly, from a zs4 perspective.

Linear: FIFO (First-In-First-Out), stream, sequential.
NonLinear: Random Access, Indexed, Seekable.

Basic "NonLinear" Systems

In the Video Editing Business, A program video "editor" seems to be considered "Non-Linear", if it satisfies the following criteria:

footage (video and audio) may be positioned anywhere in the "project" (representation of desired final output)
footage may be used multiple times in a project without the need for it to exists multiple times on hard disk. It is "multiplexed" by the editing system.

Typically footage is lined up in a particular sequence, audio/video may be dubbed/overlayed. transitions and effects applied. and the whole business is merged start to end into a final output file. In particular, the audio portion is accessed in chunks of many thousand samples/frames at a time and mixed in a linear fashion before being written to the output file.

In fact, this is probably why i cannot recall coming across a "nonlinear" sound studio program: There seems to be a consensus that an audio studio is indeed a linear affair. Most or all multitrack sound studio programs insist in complete linear processing. typical audio filter systems are completely based on linearity. latencies caused by effects (audio filters) are simply considered part of the game (and are typically "compensated" with a global, project-based time shift).

NonLinear Sound Systems

Since the "breakdown of non-linearity" in most or all of popular media-editing software seems to be occurring at the level of sound processing it might be usefull to consider the features of a nonlinear multitrack sound editing system:

Sound footage (input/import file) is accessed on a frame by frame basis: forward, backward, through time-distortion filters on a amplitude@microsecond basis. this is very difficult to optimize for CPU performance. A system which cannot anticipate which audio frame is next required from the footage. could some microseconds after the last frame retched, or prior, or much later...
Any track or subgroup should be capable of running at its own speed and in its own direction. Any track or mixer ((sub)sub)subgroup may speed up or slow down independently of all other tracks/subgroups.
Audio filters would have to comply with advanced concepts of non-linearity. a delay filter would have to be able to come up with an ouput for a previously occured snare hit, even if that snare hit has not been passed into the filter yet.

I hope this illustrates a need for timing sophistication beyond simple latency compensation. Perhaps "sound-tracing", analogeous to ray-tracing, might be considered a non-linear approach.

NonLinear Video Systems

NonLinear video systems would therefore require a NonLinear Audio subsystem, which satisfies the points mentioned above, plus the equivalent feature set with respect to video signals. A system of advanced NonLinearity thus imposes a significant demands on the footage (input files)

The input/import files must be indexed and "seekable" at a audio-sample granularity

this means that both the input file (format) as well as the mechanisms used to access AV data in that file must support access to any random data bit in the file on a frame or microsecond basis without having to read lots (or all) of the data before it. Video files with raw/uncompressed media streams AND an index usually allow for such access. Off hand i know of the following examples of access software (libraries) allowing such access:

the t@b ZS4 intrinsic *.wav and *.avi file readers
the MS Video for Windows subsystem (legacy windows multimedia)
MS DirectX media subsystem for some select file types like AVI AVI-DV type 2, wav (needs checking before opening file.
others which readers of this article might point out in a comment.

Quicktime, for example (as of SDK 6.0) seems to be sorely lacking the means of accessing individual wave samples based on time or frame number. It would be necessary to use an alternative *.mov reader, or wait for cumbersome Quicktime 7 features allowing the painfull extraction of audio prior to processing in an advanced NonLinear Video System.

This seems to disqualify many file or stream types from being easily processed in an advanced linear Media editing/compositing system. However, i daringly assume that highly compressed streaming footage like *.mp3, *.mp4, *.ogg or *.rm files are not a desirable input media when attempting to create high quality output.

Unfortunately this also disqualifies what i call Linear Frame Servers for being usable in a system like ZS4, because ZS4 requires direct, indexed access to audio and video frames to any part of the input medium.

If you know better, please post a comment.

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